The book of Hebrews – Chapter 2 – Lower than the angels
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Lower than the angels.
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Lower than the angels
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Gavin Paynter |
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Ken Paynter |
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We saw last
time how Jesus is greater than the angels because he is the SON OF GOD. Now we
are shown how he also was the SON OF MAN and became “a little lower than the
angels”.
But note
that:
Jesus isn’t only God [1]
or only man.
He isn’t 50% God and 50% man.
He isn’t “man on the outside” and “God on the inside.”
Jesus is fully God and fully man.
o
John 1:1,14 … the Word was God… The Word became flesh and made his
dwelling among us.
Jesus’
human nature was added to his divine nature and both natures existed in one
person.
He was born.
o
Matt 1:18 This is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about…
He got tired.
o
Matt 8:24 … But Jesus was sleeping.
He got thirsty and hungry.
o
John 19:28 … Jesus said, “I am thirsty.”
o
Matt 4:2 After fasting forty days and forty nights, he was hungry.
His knowledge was limited.
o
Matt 24:36 No one knows about that day or hour, not even the angels in
heaven, nor the Son…
He had flesh, bones and blood.
o
Lk 24:39 … Touch me and see; a ghost does not have flesh and bones, as
you see I have.
o
Lk 22:20 … This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out
for you.
He could suffer and die.
o
Matt 16:21 From that time on Jesus began to explain to his disciples
that he must go to
Heb 2:5-8 It is not to angels that he has subjected the world to come,
about which we are speaking. But there is a place where someone has testified:
“What is man that you are mindful of him, the son of man that you care for him?
You made him a little a lower than the angels; you crowned him with glory and
honor and put everything under his feet…”
Hebrews
2:6-8 is a quotation from Psalm 8:4-6, once again a Messianic psalm of David.
Psalm 8:1-2 O LORD, our Lord, how majestic is your name in all the
earth! You have set your glory above the heavens. From the lips of children and
infants you have ordained praise because of your enemies, to silence the foe
and the avenger.
Psalm 8:2
was quoted by Jesus of himself at his Triumphal Entry when he fulfilled the
initial portions of these Messianic prophecies concerning the ‘Son of David’.
Matt 21:15-16 But when the chief priests and the teachers of the law saw
the wonderful things he did and the children shouting in the temple area,
“Hosanna to the Son of David,” they were indignant.
“Do you hear what these children are saying?” they asked him.
“Yes,” replied Jesus, “have you never read, ‘From the lips of children and
infants you have ordained praise’?”
Psalm 8:3-8 When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the
moon and the stars, which you have set in place, what is man that you are
mindful of him, the son of man that you care for him? You made him a little
lower than the heavenly beings and crowned him with glory and honor. You made
him ruler over the works of your hands; you put everything under his feet: all
flocks and herds, and the beasts of the field, the birds of the air, and the
fish of the sea, all that swim the paths of the seas.
The writer
of Hebrews applies verses 4 to 6 to Jesus showing how as a man He was made
lower than the angels, but was subsequently exalted after his death and
resurrection. (The ultimate fulfillment of this rule will be in the
Millennium.)
Heb 2:8-9… In putting everything under him, God left nothing that is not
subject to him. Yet at present we do not see everything subject to him. But we
see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels, now crowned with glory
and honor because he suffered death…
So we are
shown this sequence in chapters 1 & 2:
1)
Jesus, the ‘Son of God’ is greater than the angels.
2)
He then willingly became the ‘Son of Man’ and lower than the angels.
3)
He even suffered death which neither angels nor God experiences, but men
do.
4)
As a result he was crowned with glory and honour.
Paul makes
this same point in Philippians 2:5-9 and shows the exact same sequence:
1)
… Christ Jesus: Who, being in very nature God, did not consider equality
with God something to be grasped,
2)
but made himself nothing, taking the very nature of a servant, being
made in human likeness.
3)
And being found in appearance as a man, he humbled himself and became
obedient to death— even death on a cross!
4)
Therefore God exalted him to the highest place and gave him the name
that is above every name…
Heb 2:9
tells us that Jesus “might taste death for everyone.” Part of 5-point Calvinist
doctrine (the ‘L’ in TULIP) is the belief in Limited Atonement i.e. that Jesus
only died for the elect and not the whole world. However we see that Jesus
tasted death for ‘everyone’. Jesus potentially saved everyone although only
those who believe can claim Him as their Saviour:
1 Tim 4:10 … we have put our hope in the living God, who is the Savior
of all men, and especially of those who believe.
1 John 2:2 He is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and not only for
ours but also for the sins of the whole world.
“… so that
by the grace of God he might taste death for everyone” (Heb 2:9) teaches us the
‘substitutionary’ death of Jesus i.e. Jesus died in our place.
2 Cor 5:21 God made him who had no sin to be sin for us, so that in him
we might become the righteousness of God.
John 8:52 “… you say that if anyone keeps your word, he will never taste
death.”
Christians
die physically but they don’t taste death. The bitterness, the darkness, the
anguish and all the evil that goes with death, Jesus tasted all that for us. He
endured our death. [2]
Heb 2:11-13 Both the one who makes men holy and those who are made holy
are of the same family. So Jesus is not ashamed to call them brothers. He says,
“I will declare your name to my brothers; in the presence of the congregation I
will sing your praises.” And again, “I will put my trust in him.” And again he
says, “Here am I, and the children God has given me.”
Remember
that Jesus is not ashamed to call us His brothers. How then can we be ashamed
to call Him our brother and Saviour?
Matt 10:32-33 “Whoever acknowledges me before men, I will also
acknowledge him before my Father in heaven. But whoever disowns me before men,
I will disown him before my Father in heaven.”
Jesus is
not ashamed to call us (humans) his brothers. In the NT Jesus is referred to
as:
Son of God |
38 times |
most of these references by others |
Son of Man |
84 times |
most of these references by himself |
2 OT
passages are quoted to show that Jesus is not ashamed to call us His bothers:
Psalm 22:22, Isaiah 8:17-18. Psalm 22 is the Messianic Psalm that talks so
explicitly about Jesus’ death. It was even quoted by Jesus on the cross. Let’s
have a brief look at the Psalm as it foretells Jesus’ death:
Ps 22:17 I can count all my bones…
Matt 27:26 But he had Jesus flogged…
The
flogging “typically involved a whip with numerous leather thongs, 18-24 inches
long, with bits of metal, bone or glass embedded in the leather. At times they
would use an iron rod to beat the prisoner. According to Jewish custom, a
prisoner was usually flogged 39 times … Scourging was an extreme form of
punishment. The skin on the victim’s back was usually shredded, thus exposing
the underlying muscle and skeletal structures… Many victims died from such
scourging.” [3]
Psalm 22:16 Dogs have surrounded me; a band of evil men has encircled
me, they have pierced my hands and my feet.
John 20:25 … But he said to them, “Unless I see the nail marks in his
hands and put my finger where the nails were, and put my hand into his side, I
will not believe it.”
Luke 24:38-39 He said to them, “Why are you troubled, and why do doubts
rise in your minds? Look at my hands and my feet. It is I myself!
When Psalm
22 was written, execution by impaling the hands and feet didn’t exist. In fact,
crucifixion was the only form of execution that pierced the hands and feet. Yet
crucifixion didn’t come about until about 350 BC with the Persians. But in
Psalm 22 it was prophesied that the Messiah’s hands and feet would be pierced
650 years before the practice of this style of execution.
Psalm 22:14 I am poured out like water, and all my bones are out of
joint…
Mark 15:24 And they crucified him.
With
crucifixion: “As the strength of the legs gives out, the weight of the body
must now be borne by the arms and shoulders. The result is that within a few
minutes of being placed on the cross, the shoulders will become dislocated.
Minutes later the elbows and wrists become dislocated.” [4]
Psalm 22:14 …My heart has turned to wax; it has melted away within me.
John 19:34 Instead, one of the soldiers pierced Jesus’ side with a
spear, bringing a sudden flow of blood and water.
Apparently
to make sure of death, the legionnaire drove his lance through the fifth
interspace between the ribs, upward through the pericardium and into the
heart…. Thus there was an escape of watery fluid from the sac surrounding the
heart and blood from the interior of the heart. We, therefore, have rather
conclusive post-mortem evidence that our Lord died, not the usual crucifixion
death by suffocation, but of heart failure due to shock and constriction of the
heart by fluid in the pericardium. [5]
Psalm 22:15 … my tongue sticks to the roof of my mouth ....
John19:28 Later, knowing that all was now completed, and so that the
Scripture would be fulfilled, Jesus said, “I am thirsty.”
With
crucifixion: “The blood loss and hyperventilation combines to cause severe
dehydration. That’s why Jesus said, ‘I thirst.’” [6]
Psalm 22:7-8 All who see me mock me; they hurl insults, shaking their
heads: “He trusts in the LORD; let the LORD rescue him. Let him deliver him,
since he delights in him.”
Psalm 22:18 They divide my garments among them and cast lots for my
clothing.
Matt 27:35 When they had crucified him, they divided up his clothes by
casting lots that the word spoken by the prophet might be fulfilled: “They
divided my garments among themselves and cast lots for my clothing”
Psalm 22:1-2 “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me? Why are you so
far from saving me, so far from the words of my groaning? O my God, I cry out
by day, but you do not answer, by night, and am not silent.
Matt 27:46 About the ninth hour Jesus cried out in a loud voice, “Eloi,
Eloi, lama sabachthani?”—which means, “My God, my God, why have you
forsaken me?”
Psalm 22:15… you lay me in the dust of death.
Matt 27:58-60 Going to Pilate, he asked for Jesus’ body… Joseph took the body, wrapped it in a clean
linen cloth, and placed it in his own new tomb that he had cut out of the rock.
He rolled a big stone in front of the entrance to the tomb and went away.
And here is
the portion that is quoted by the writer of Hebrews concerning Jesus’
resurrection and his identifying himself with men as his brothers.
Psalm 22:19-24 But you, O LORD, be not far off; O my Strength, come
quickly to help me. Deliver my life from the sword, my precious life from the
power of the dogs. Rescue me from the mouth of the lions; save me from the
horns of the wild oxen. I will declare your name to my brothers; in the
congregation I will praise you… For he has not despised or disdained the
suffering of the afflicted one; he has not hidden his face from him but has
listened to his cry for help.
Heb 2:11-12… So Jesus is not ashamed to call them brothers. He says, “I
will declare your name to my brothers; in the presence of the congregation I
will sing your praises.”
And the
writer of Hebrews also quotes from Isaiah 8:17-18 in this regard where the
preceding and succeeding portions show the Messianic context:
Isaiah 8:14 - 9:6 and he will be a sanctuary; but for both houses of
Israel he will be a stone that causes men to stumble and a rock that makes them
fall. And for the people of
Heb 2:13 And again, “I will put my trust in him.” And again he says,
“Here am I, and the children God has given me.”
Heb 2:10 In bringing many sons to glory, it was fitting that God, for
whom and through whom everything exists, should make the author of their
salvation perfect through suffering.
Q: Why was
it fitting that Jesus be made perfect through suffering?
A: Because
part of the human condition is suffering. Becoming a man entailed Jesus having
to suffer.
The Bible makes it clear that as men
we will suffer:
Jesus said, “In this world you will have trouble.” (John 16:33)
Despite
what “health and wealth” teachers might say, the Bible also makes it clear that
godly Christians will also endure suffering. Paul tells Timothy that “everyone
who wants to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted” (2 Tim
3:12).
Not only
will we sometimes have to suffer as Christians, but the suffering may be unjust
or unfair.
1 Pet 2:19-20 For it is commendable if a man bears up under the pain of
unjust suffering because he is conscious of God… But if you suffer for doing
good and you endure it, this is commendable before God.
John 15:18-25 “If the world hates you, keep in mind that it hated me
first. If you belonged to the world, it would love you as its own. As it is,
you do not belong to the world, but I have chosen you out of the world. That is
why the world hates you… But now they have seen these miracles, and yet they
have hated both me and my Father. But this is to fulfill what is written in
their Law: ‘They hated me without reason.’”
Jesus who
was made perfect through suffering serves as our example in this regard.
1 Pet 2:19-21 But if you suffer for doing good and you endure it, this
is commendable before God. To this you were called, because Christ suffered for
you, leaving you an example, that you should follow in his steps.
1 Pet 4:1 Therefore, since Christ suffered in his body, arm yourselves
also with the same attitude, because he who has suffered in his body is done
with sin.
Phil 3:10-11 I want to know Christ and the power of his resurrection and
the fellowship of sharing in his sufferings, becoming like him in his death…
Q: How
could Jesus, who was the Son of God, be “made perfect” through sufferings?
A: It isn’t
that there was anything lacking in His Deity, but only in His experience: how
does God in heaven know suffering by experience? [7]
This is the
ultimate illustration of the fact that real love, real giving, involves
sacrifice. As David said, nor will I offer… offerings to the Lord my God which
costs me nothing (2 Samuel 24:24). God’s love for us had to show itself in
sacrifice, and what could God sacrifice unless He added humanity to His deity
and suffered on our behalf? [8]
Suffering
as a man means that Jesus can identify with human suffering and temptation and
be a merciful and effective High Priest (i.e. act as an advocate on our behalf
to the Father) for us. He is also able to assist us because he understands the
lure and attraction of temptation as only a human can.
Heb 2:16-17 For surely it is not angels he helps, but Abraham’s
descendants. For this reason he had to be made like his brothers in every way,
in order that he might become a merciful and faithful high priest in service to
God, and that he might make atonement for the sins of the people.
Jesus is
our Advocate:
1 John 2:1 My little children, I am writing these things to you so that
you may not sin. And if anyone sins, we have an Advocate with the Father, Jesus
Christ the righteous (NASB).
As a fellow
man Jesus not only sympathizes with our plight, but as a perfected man – he can
help us:
Heb 2:18 Because he himself suffered when he was tempted, he is able to
help those who are being tempted.
It is
astonishing: there is a God in Heaven who by experience knows what I am going
through, and can aid me, not just feel bad for me! [9]
Heb 2:10 In bringing many sons to
glory…
Jesus
brings many sons to glory. So the ‘Son of God’ who was also the ‘Son of Man’
grants us the privilege of being God’s ‘sons’ as well.
Rom 8:29 For those God foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to
the likeness of his Son that he might be the firstborn among many brothers…
Eph 1:5 he predestined us to be adopted as his sons through Jesus
Christ…
Q: But
isn’t Jesus the “only begotten” Son (John 3:16)?
A:
Monogenes (Greek) doesn’t mean “only begotten.” It is derived from two Greek
terms, monos (only) and genos (class, kind). It literally means ‘one of a kind’
or ‘unique’. In Heb 11:17 Isaac is called Abraham’s ‘monogenes’ — but it is
clear from the OT that Isaac wasn’t the only son Abraham had begotten, since
Ishmael was born before Isaac. The term means that Isaac was Abraham’s ‘unique’
son, for he was the son of the covenant promises and the line through which
Messiah would come.
Q: How did
Jesus bring many sons to glory?
A: By
becoming a man and redeeming his fellow men:
Gal 3:4-5 But when the time had fully come God sent his Son born of a
woman born under law to redeem those under law, that we might receive the full
rights of sons.
Q: But what
are these “full rights of sons” that Paul speaks of in Gal 3:5?
A: Unlike a
servant, a son has privileges. If I were a prosperity teacher (which I’m not)
I’d tell you that as a “King’s Kid” you should be the CEO and not a mere
employee. The actually reality is far more lofty and less carnal (worldly) than
that. In the context of Gal 3:5-7 Paul lists 2 benefits of being God’s sons.
1)
We have a relationship with God
(through the Spirit).
Gal 3:6 Because you are sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our
hearts the Spirit who calls out “Abba Father.”
2)
We are heirs to the future promises and inheritance:
Gal 3:7 So you are no longer a slave but a son; and since you are a son
God has made you also an heir.
Rom 8:14-16 … those who are led by the Spirit of God are sons of God.
For you did not receive a spirit that makes you a slave again to fear but you
received the Spirit of sonship. And by him we cry “Abba Father.” The Spirit
himself testifies with our spirit that we are God’s children.
Jesus also taught us to address God as Father: “This then is how you
should pray: ‘Our Father in heaven…’” (Matt 6:9)
Please note
that unlike those who look for immediate material benefit in this life for the
sons of God, Paul makes it clear that currently we suffer, but ultimately we
will receive the glory. Even in this life an heir does not receive the
inheritance immediately:
Rom 8:17-19 Now if we are children then we are heirs-heirs of God and
co-heirs with Christ if indeed we share in his sufferings in order that we may
also share in his glory. I consider that our present sufferings are not worth
comparing with the glory that will be revealed in us. The creation waits in
eager expectation for the sons of God to be revealed.
Jesus also
taught that part of this inheritance is a future kingdom (i.e. after the
Sheep-Goat judgment, not now in this present age as Dominionists teach):
Matt 25:31-34 “When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the
angels with him, he will sit on his throne in heavenly glory. All the nations
will be gathered before him, and he will separate the people one from another
as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats. He will put the sheep on his
right and the goats on his left. “Then the King will say to those on his right,
‘Come, you who are blessed by my Father; take your inheritance, the kingdom
prepared for you since the creation of the world.’”
As sons,
our Father gives us good gifts – namely the Holy Spirit. Jesus says in Luke
11:9-12:
“So I say to you: Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will
find; knock and the door will be opened to you. For everyone who asks receives;
he who seeks finds; and to him who knocks, the door will be opened. Which of
you fathers, if your son asks for a fish, will give him a snake instead? Or if
he asks for an egg, will give him a scorpion?”
But he
continues in the next verse (v13):
“If you then, though you are evil, know how to give good gifts to your
children, how much more will your Father in heaven give the Holy Spirit to
those who ask him!”
So the gift
of the Holy Spirit is a sign of sonship:
John 14:16-18 “And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another
Counselor to be with you forever—the Spirit of truth. The world cannot accept
him, because it neither sees him nor knows him. But you know him, for he lives
with you and will be in you. I will not leave you as orphans; I will come to
you.”
An earthly
Father provides for his children and they don’t have to worry about this aspect
of life.
Matt 6:25-27 “Therefore I tell you, do not worry about your life, what
you will eat or drink; or about your body, what you will wear… Look at the
birds of the air; they do not sow or reap or store away in barns, and yet your
heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not much more valuable than they?”
Matt 6:28-34 “And why do you worry about clothes? See how the lilies of
the field grow. They do not labor or spin. Yet I tell you that not even Solomon
in all his splendor was dressed like one of these. If that is how God clothes
the grass of the field, which is here today and tomorrow is thrown into the
fire, will he not much more clothe you, O you of little faith? So do not worry,
saying, ‘What shall we eat?’ or ‘What shall we drink?’ or ‘What shall we wear?’
For the pagans run after all these things, and your heavenly Father knows that
you need them. But seek first his kingdom and his righteousness, and all these
things will be given to you as well. Therefore do not worry about tomorrow, for
tomorrow will worry about itself. Each day has enough trouble of its own.”
We receive
whatever we ask for in Jesus’ name:
John 16:23-27 “… my Father will give you whatever you ask in my name… In
that day you will ask in my name. I am not saying that I will ask the Father on
your behalf. No, the Father himself loves you because you have loved me and
have believed that I came from God.”
Q: What
does it mean to ask in Jesus’ name?
A1: We ask
with confidence based on our relationship with Jesus.
A2: We ask
for the kind of things that Jesus would ask for.
Rom 8:22-24 We know that the whole creation has been groaning as in the
pains of childbirth right up to the present time. Not only so but we ourselves
who have the firstfruits of the Spirit groan inwardly as we wait eagerly for
our adoption as sons the redemption of our bodies. For in this hope we were
saved.
1 John 3:1-2 How great is the love the Father has lavished on us that we
should be called children of God! And that is what we are! The reason the world
does not know us is that it did not know him. Dear friends now we are children
of God and what we will be has not yet been made known. But we know that when
he appears we shall be like him for we shall see him as he is.
Q: What are
the signs that someone is a son of God?
A: They are
like their Father.
Eph 5:1 Be imitators of God, therefore, as dearly loved children…
God’s children live a life of
sacrificial love:
Eph 5:1-2… as dearly loved children and live a life of love, just as
Christ loved us and gave himself up for us as a fragrant offering and sacrifice
to God.
1 John 3:10 This is how we know who the children of God are and who the
children of the devil are: Anyone who does not do what is right is not a child
of God; nor is anyone who does not love his brother.
Like their
Father, they love their enemies and show mercy to them:
Matt 5:44-45 But I tell you: Love your enemies and pray for those who
persecute you, that you may be sons of your Father in heaven.
Luke 6:35-36 But love your enemies, do good to them, and lend to them
without expecting to get anything back. Then your reward will be great, and you
will be sons of the Most High, because he is kind to the ungrateful and wicked.
Be merciful, just as your Father is merciful.
Sons live holy lives and try to
please their Father:
Eph 5:3-10 But among you there must not be even a hint of sexual
immorality, or of any kind of impurity, or of greed, because these are improper
for God’s holy people. Nor should there be obscenity, foolish talk or coarse
joking, which are out of place, but rather thanksgiving. For of this you can be
sure: No immoral, impure or greedy person—such a man is an idolater—has any inheritance
in the
Sons are
obedient and live holy lives:
1 Pet 1:14-16 As obedient children, do not conform to the evil desires
you had when you lived in ignorance. But just as he who called you is holy, so
be holy in all you do; for it is written: “Be holy, because I am holy.”
Sons are
disciplined (undergo hardship) by their Father:
Heb 12:7-11 Endure hardship as discipline; God is treating you as sons.
For what son is not disciplined by his father? If you are not disciplined (and
everyone undergoes discipline), then you are illegitimate children and not true
sons. Moreover, we have all had human fathers who disciplined us and we
respected them for it. How much more should we submit to the Father of our
spirits and live! Our fathers disciplined us for a little while as they thought
best; but God disciplines us for our good, that we may share in his holiness.
No discipline seems pleasant at the time, but painful. Later on, however, it
produces a harvest of righteousness and peace for those who have been trained
by it.
Sons
forgive:
Mark 11:25 And when you stand praying, if you hold anything against
anyone, forgive him, so that your Father in heaven may forgive you your sins.
We are able
to ‘bind’ and ‘loose’ people of their sins against us:
Matt 18:15-18 “If your brother sins against you, go and show him his
fault, just between the two of you. If he listens to you, you have won your
brother over. But if he will not listen, take one or two others along, so that
‘every matter may be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses.’
If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the church; and if he refuses to
listen even to the church, treat him as you would a pagan or a tax collector. I
tell you the truth, whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and
whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.”
(Note the
context that binding and loosing is used i.e. reconciliation.)
Sons do
God’s will:
Matt 12:50 “For whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my
brother and sister and mother.”
Sons love
Jesus:
John 8:42 Jesus said to them, “If God were your Father, you would love
me…”
Sons have
wisdom in answering unbelievers:
Matt 10:19-20 But when they arrest you, do not worry about what to say
or how to say it. At that time you will be given what to say, for it will not
be you speaking, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you.
They are
peacemakers
Matt 5:9 Blessed are the peacemakers for they will be called sons of
God.
They don’t
complain and argue:
Phil 2:14-15 Do everything without complaining or arguing, so that you
may become blameless and pure, children of God without fault in a crooked and
depraved generation, in which you shine like stars in the universe.
Q: How do I
become a son (or child) of God?
A: By faith in Jesus:
Gal 3:26 You are all sons of God through faith in Christ Jesus…
John 1:12-13 Yet to all who received him, to those who believed in his
name, he gave the right to become children of God—children born not of natural
descent, nor of human decision or a husband’s will, but born of God.
This is why
Jesus said we must be ‘born again’ to enter the
In reply Jesus declared, “I tell you the truth, no one can see the
Those who
are ‘born again’ have eternal life (i.e. imperishable seed):
1 Peter 1:23 For you have been born again, not of perishable seed, but
of imperishable, through the living and enduring word of God.
[1] Interestingly, despite the frequent
attacks on Jesus’ deity today, the first heresy to rise about Jesus’ nature
wasn’t an attack on His deity, but on His humanity. Some Gnostics taught that
Jesus only appeared to be human (as they believed that matter was evil and that
God wouldn’t take on a material body). This heresy called Docetism was first
advocated by Cerinthus (circa 85 AD) in
[3] Dr. Mark Eastman https://www.khouse.org/articles/1998/113/
[4] Ibid
[5] “The Passion of Christ from a
Medical Point of View” by C. Truman Davis, M.D., M.S. Mesa, Arizona - https://www.prophecyarchive.com/ray/barr-family.com/godsword/crucmed.htm
[6] Dr. Mark Eastman https://www.khouse.org/articles/1998/113/
[7] David Guzik - https://www.enduringword.com
[8] Ibid
[9] Ibid